Quinine is an antimalarial drug that can quickly act on Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae, kill blood schizonts, and has antipyretic and uterine contraction effects.
Quinine can treat falciparum malaria that is resistant to chloroquine or other antimalarial drugs, and is also suitable for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria.
Quinine is mainly derived from the bark of Cinchona ledgeriana and its congeners in the Rubiaceae family. Quinine, also known as cinchona alkaloid, is an alkaloid extracted from the bark of Cinchona ledgeriana and has antimalarial effects.
The chemical composition of quinine is C20H24N2O2, which belongs to the quinoline alkaloids and has multiple biological activities. It was first extracted from the bark of Cinchona ledgeriana (Howard) Moens ex Trim. and its congeners in the Rubiaceae family. 5. The discovery of quinine can be traced back to 1820, when P.J. Pelletier and J.B. Cafonteau first produced pure products.
Quinine can not only be extracted from plants, but also obtained through chemical synthesis. It is an antimalarial drug that can quickly kill Plasmodium schizonts in the blood and control clinical symptoms. 34. Although quinine is one of the earliest discovered antimalarial drugs, its efficacy is not as good as the synthetic chloroquine invented later.
Synthesis method
The bark or root bark of the cinchona tree is removed of impurities, dried, crushed and mixed evenly with soda lime. Then it is repeatedly extracted with petroleum ether, the extract is combined, clarified and extracted with dilute sulfuric acid, and the acid layer is concentrated and crystallized to obtain quinine sulfate. The finished product exists in two forms: acidic quinine sulfate and neutral quinine sulfate. Acidic quinine sulfate is a salt formed by one molecule of sulfuric acid and one molecule of quinine. It has good water solubility and its aqueous solution is acidic. Neutral quinine sulfate is a salt formed by two molecules of quinine and one part of sulfuric acid. Its aqueous solution is neutral but has poor water solubility. Acidic quinine sulfate is commonly used in medicine.
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